Review of the Spalart-Allmaras turbulence model and its modifications to three-dimensional supersonic configurations

The Spalart-Allmaras (SA) model is a turbulence model for modeling different types of turbulent flows, especially in aerodynamics.Until 1992, when it was published by Spalart and Allmaras, there had been modified different terms of the governing equation of this model (prediction, diffusion and Components destruction).In this literature review, one

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Pollination Systems of Palms (Arecaceae)

A review is given of pollination systems in the palm family (Arecaceae).Pollination studies of 149 species (6% of the total number) in 60 genera (33% of the total number) are reviewed.The majority of these studies (75%) are Bottle Openers of Neotropical palms.In the sample of 149 species, approximately 52% are beetle-pollinated, 27% bee-pollinated,

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